تعدیل مسئولیت و افزایش میزان احتیاط در اجرای قرارداد در نظریه نقض کارآمد در اصلاحات قانون تعهدات فرانسه و حقوق کامن لا و ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• جلال سلطان احمدی ¹
• زهرا وطنی ²
• معصومه زمانیان ³

¹ دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشیار دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران جنوب، ایران

² دکتری فقه و حقوق اسلامی، استادیار گروه فقه و حقوق پژوهشکده امام خمینی و انقلاب اسلامی، تهران، ایران

³ 1- دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، پیام نور تهران جنوب، ایران. 2- دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه فقه

https://doi.org/10.22067/economlaw.2023.74189.1121

چکیده

نظریه نقض‌کارآمد محصول تحولات بنیادین حقوق‌تعهدات و جایگزینی نظام فایده‌گرایی‌اخلاقی با نظام مبتنی بر اصالت‌ارزش است و شالوده‌ی حقوق قراردادها را نه «اصالة‌اللزوم»، بلکه «لزوم تحصیل مطلوب قرارداد» می‌داند که این مطلوب اگر با اجرای قرارداد حاصل می‌شود، لزوم معامله اجتناب‌ناپذیر است و اگر با نقض محقق شود، نقض قرارداد نه‌تنها ناپسند نیست، بل‌که ممدوح و چه بسا ضروری است و «کارآمدی» ملاک مبنای‌عمل قرارگرفتن یکی از این دو راه است. در دیدگاه‌های حقوقی نوین، مورد معامله «اعتبار»ی است که «تسلیم عین» یکی از طرق تحقق آن است. هم‌چنین مسوولیت ایجاد «مطلوب» صرفاً بر عهده‌ی متعهد نبوده و متعهدله نیز به‌حکم دخالت در قرارداد، ملزم به شراکت در تامین مطلوب قرارداد است. و علاوه بر طرفین گاه ممکن است ثالث نیز به‌تفاوت شرایط و احوال وارد این بازه شده و به‌موجب این‌قرارداد واجد مسؤولیت گردد. تحقیق حاضر با روش توصیفی‌ـ‌تحلیلی، و در پی پاسخ به این سوال که «اهداف نظریه نقض کارآمد در حوزه مسؤولیت پیشگیرانه چگونه برآورده می‌شود؟» به تطبیق این نظریه با ارکان و مسلمات این نظام‌حقوقی می‌پردازد. علی‌رغم این‌که در نگاه نخست این نظریه در تقابل با اصالة‌اللزوم تصور شده و بکارگیری آن ممتنع می‌نماید لکن در تحلیلی عمیق‌تر امکان کاربستش در این نظام‌حقوقی مبتنی بر فقه، منتفی نیست و مسوولیت پیشگیرانه‌ی مستفاد از جواز نقض، افزایش چشمگیر کارآیی اقتصادی را در پی خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• کارآیی اقتصادی
• بازدارندگی
• مسوولیت پیشگیرانه
• کاستن خسارات
• اصل قابلیت استناد قراردادی

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