نویسندگان
1 دانشیار حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
2 دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
مقاله پیش رو به ارتباط میان قوانین کار و توسعه اقتصادی با تمرکز بر مطالعه تطبیقی خروج مناطق آزاد از شمول مقررات کارِ سرزمین اصلی میپردازد. بدین ترتیب، پرداختن به این پرسش که «آیا از منظر تمام مکاتب تحلیل اقتصادی، قواعد حمایتی حقوق کار دارای اثر بازدارنگی اقتصادی ارزیابی میشود؟» ازجمله محورهای اصلی این پژوهش به شمار میآید. فرضیه مقاله بر این استوار است که نمیتوان به‌طور مطلق بازدارندگی اقتصادی مقررات کار را مفروض پنداشت؛ چراکه نگرشهای اقتصادی مختلف ممکن است پاسخهای متفاوتی دراین‌باره ارائه دهند. روش تحقیق در پژوهش پیش رو، تحلیلی- نظری و تطبیقی است. بررسی دو دسته نظریههای اقتصادی مطرح نشان میدهد هرچند مکاتب کلاسیک و نئوکلاسیک در اقتصاد، تعارض ذاتی میان حقوق کار و اهداف توسعه اقتصادی را مفروض میپندارند، برخی مکاتب تحلیل اقتصادی جدیدتر نظیر کینزیهای جدید و نو نهادگرایان، قاعدهگذاریهای حمایتی در زمینه روابط کار را لزوماً دارای پیامدهای منفی اقتصادی تحلیل نمیکنند. نظر به اختلاف مکاتب مختلف اقتصادی در موضوع ارتباط حقوق کار و اهداف توسعه اقتصادی، این مقاله در بخش دوم به بررسی نحوه تنظیم روابط کار در مناطق آزاد، از منظر حقوق تطبیقی و بینالمللی میپردازد. این پژوهش نشان میدهد ایران ازجمله معدود نظامهایی است که با تکیه بر اعتبار مطلق تحلیلهای اقتصادی مکتب کلاسیک، مناطق آزاد خود را به‌صراحت از شمول قواعد ملی کار استثنا نمودهاند. یافتههای پژوهش تأکید دارد از منظر شیوه تصویب و کیفیت قواعد، تصویبنامه سال 1373 دولت که جایگزین قانون کار در مناطق آزاد شد، با ایرادات بنیادین روبه‌رو است. با در نظر گرفتن ابهامات موجود و افزایش مصداقی و موضوعی دامنه شمول تصویبنامه خاص مناطق آزاد و نیز با عنایت به این‌که قاعدهگذاری در قلمروی حقوق کار از جنس وضع قاعده حقوقی است نه مسائل شکلی و اجرایی، پیشنهاد میشود مجلس شورای اسلامی که عهدهدار امور تقنینی کشور است، با ورود به موضوع و جمع میان ملاحظات اقتصادی و اجتماعی، تکلیف مقررات اشتغال و تأمین اجتماعی در این مناطق را به نحوی مشخص نماید که تا حد امکان کمترین انحراف از قانون ملی صورت گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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