نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشگر موسسه پژوهشی حقوقی شهر دانش

3 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

پول در معنای ابزاری جهت مبادله قدمتی به‌اندازه تاریخ بشر دارد. استفاده از پول­های کالایی تا ضرب سکه­های فلزی و چاپ اسکناس­های با پشتوانه طلا و درنهایت شکل­گیری اسکناس­های بدون پشتوانه را می­توان خلاصه­ای از سیر تکوین پول در نظام­های پولی ملی و فراملی دانست. نظام موجود پولی، پس از گذر از نظام «برتون وودز» و شکل­گیری «پول بدون پشتوانه» در تمامی کشورها استقرار یافت. با وجود توسعه ظرفیت­های تجاری و اقتصادی در پهنه نظم نوین برآمده از اقتصاد جهانی­شده، این نظم همواره کانون انتقاداتی بنیادین از سوی منتقدان وضع موجود به سبب آسیب­رسان بودن آن بوده است. ویژگی تورمی آن و تبدیل شدن پول به عنوان ابزاری در دست حکومت­ها در راستای تحمیل سیاست­هایی که نتایج زیان­بار برای قشر متوسط و ضعیف در پی دارد و سوء­مدیریت ناظمان نظم موجود و درنتیجه ایجاد بحران­های اقتصادی که پیامدهای منفی آن نیز بر دوش قشر مذکور است محور انتقادات به نظم نوین پولی است. ازاین‌رو، ارائه مدل­های تعدیل­کننده وضع موجود یا جایگزینی برای آن، حداقل در سطح دانشگاهی، مباحثی را به خود اختصاص داده است. امری که با وقوع بحران اقتصادی 2008 و معرفی فن­آوریِ نوینِ «بیت­کوین» به عنوان یک ارز یا پول مجازی، با کارکرد پول یا سامانه پرداخت وارد ابعاد نوینی شد که یک سال بعد با آغاز فعالیت، بیش از پیش نظرها را در ضرورت تغییر وضعیت فعلی به خود جلب کرد. در این چارچوب، ارزهای مجازی به دلیل برخورداری از ویژگی­های منحصربه‌فرد همواره از ابعاد گوناگون مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفته­اند. ویژگی­هایی که افزون بر تسهیل مبادلات و کاربست­های متعارف، می­تواند قابلیت­های احتمالی و واقعی مجرمانه­ای را نیز در پی داشته باشد و بدین­سان مطالعه ابعاد جرم­شناختی این ابزار فن­آورانه را اجتناب­ناپذیر نماید. ازاین‌رو، در پژوهش پیش­رو، با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی و استفاده از منابع معتبر، علل تمایل­­بزهکاران به جایگزینی ارزهای­مجازی به­جای ارزهای رایج در ارتکاب فعالیت‌های مجرمانه در پرتو برخی نظریه­های جرم­شناسی و راه‌های پیشگیری از آن­ها بررسی خواهد شد.

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