تحلیل اقتصادی شرایط مسئولیت مدنی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• رویا غفاری ¹
• محمد عابدی ²
• عبدالله خدابخشی شلمزاری ³
• سید محمد مهدی قبولی درافشان ²

¹ دانشجوی دکترا، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

² دانشیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

³ استادیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/economlaw.2024.84544.1315

چکیده

در جبران خسارت توجه به حقوق تضمین شده زیان‌دیده و در بررسی ارکان مسئولیت مدنی تحلیل فعل زیانبارعامل زیان نقطه کانونی است. تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق با مهندسی اجتماعی و برای رسیدن به اهداف اجتماعی همه بازیگران و کنشگران را مدنظر قرار می‌دهد. این رویکرد ابزارگرایانه، اهداف سه‌گانه‌ی بازدارندگی، توزیع خسارت و جبران خسارت را با هم پیش می‌برد. در تحلیل حقوقی، شرایط زیان قابل جبران مانند قابلیت پیش‌بینی، مستقیم بودن، مسلم بودن و عدم جبران پیشین ضرر بر پایه انصاف و اخلاق و عدل استوار است؛ هر ضرری را نمی‌شود قابل مطالبه دانست، مسئولیت مدنی باید مرزی منطقی و عادلانه داشته باشد و ضمان گسترده را نمی‌توان تحمل کرد. در تحلیل اقتصادی، تقلیل هزینه نهایی ویژگی ضرر قابل جبران را مشخص می‌کند و قابل جبران بودن هر ضرری معقول و کارامد نیست. اقتصاد با ارائه معیاری عینی در تشخیص تقصیر عمل زیانبار راهنماست و رابطه سببیت را، برخلاف مفهوم عرفی، کارآمد می‌سازد. این رابطه، میان ضرر و عاملی که اجتناب کننده‌ی با هزینه کمتر شناخته شود، وجود دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بازدارندگی
• جبران خسارت
• رابطه سببیت
• زیان قابل جبران
• فعل زیانبار

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