Economic analysis of civil responsibility elements

Document Type : Scientific research

Authors

• Roya Ghafari ¹
• Mohammad Abedi ²
• Abdollah Khodabakhshi Shalamzari ³
• Sayyed mohammad mahdi Ghabooli dorafshan ⁴

¹ Ph.D Student, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

² Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³ - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

⁴ - Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/economlaw.2024.84544.1315

Abstract

In compensating for damages, paying attention to the guaranteed rights victim and in examining the pillars of civil responsibility analysis of the harmful act of the cause of the damage is the focal point. The economic analysis of law, with social engineering, to achieve social goals takes into account all actors and activists. This instrumental approach promotes the triple goals of prevention, distribution of damage and compensation. The condition of compensable loss such as predictability and directness and certainty and non-compensation of loss in legal analysis is based on fairness, ethics and justice. Every loss cannot be considered claimable, civil liability must have a logical and fair limit and an unlimited liability cannot be tolerated. In economic analysis, the reduction of the final cost determines the characteristic of compensable loss and compensability of any loss is not reasonable and efficient. The economy is a guide in determining the fault of the harmful act by providing an objective criterion and makes the relationship of causality, contrary to the conventional concept, efficient, and. This relationship exists between the loss and the factor that avoids with less cost

Keywords

• Deterrence
• Compensation
• Cause
• Compensable loss
• Harmful act

References

•  

  • Abbasloo, B. (2009). Police civil liability. Iranian journal of international and comparative law, 1(2), 49-70. (In Persian).
  • Abedi, M. (2013). The mystery of multiple causes in Islamic Penal Code with emphasis on the civil responsibility of multiple causes and factors in medical falut, Congress of Medicine and Justice, The fourth medical and judicial conference, Shiraz, 1-27. (In Persian).
  • Abedi, M. (2013). The solution of the Islamic Penal Code regarding the civil responsibility of the total cause and the scope of its application in medical malpractice, Congress of Medicine and Justice,Congress of Medicine and Justice, The fourth medical and judicial conference, Shiraz, 1-31. (In Persian).
  • Abedi, M., Nadi, M. T. (2020). Tort law and Compensation system in traffic accidents, entesharco. (In Persian).
  • Abin, A. (2020). A critique of article 1216 of Iranian civil code and a proposal for the theory of a fair responsibility for minors and the mentally ill (a comparative study). Legal Encyclopedias, 3, 15-53. (In Persian). https://doi.org/22034/LAW.2021.526076.1058
  • Amini, M., Daryaee, R. (2019). An economic analysis of economic loss. Legal research quarterly, 22(86), 169-192. (In Persian).
  • Ansari, A., Mobayen, H. (2011). Opposability Theory on the Civil Liability Law: Comparative Study in Feqh & French Law. Tarbiat Modares University Press, Comparative law Research Quarterly; 15 (1), 1-23. (In Persian).
  • Atai, M., Alborzi Varki, M. (2023). Legal examination of the cases of non-contractual damage compensation in the absence of the three pillars. (In Persian).
  • Badini, H. (2003). Philosophical foundations of the economic approach to law, Law and political science, Volume 62, Issue 0 - Serial Number 512, December 2003. (In Persian).
  • Badini, H. (2004). The purpose of civil liability. Journal of Law and Politics, 66(1), 55-113.‏ (In Persian)
  • Badini, H. (2005). Philosophy of civil responsibility. Publishing company presss, Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Badini, H., Taghizadeh, E., Alidoosti Shahraki, N., Panahi Osanlo, P. (2016). The effect of the principle of full compensation for damages in objective and abstract methods in assessing of damages on the international sale of goods. Comparative Law Researches, 20(1), 1-20. (In Persian).
  • Bahari Ardakani, A., Hashemi Bajegani, S. J., Salimian, A. (2016). Civil liability arising from losing the chance. Majlis and Rahbord, 23(86), 69-94. (In Persian).
  • Bariklu, A. (2008). Civil Liability. Mizan press, Tehran. Second edition. 256.
  • Bariklu, A. R., Barzegar, M. (2019). Investigating the Share of Civil Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors in Iranian Law and the Principles of European Tort Law. Journal of Comparative Law, 15 (1), 227-250. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22096/law.2019.36884
  • Bermingham, V. (2005). Law teaching: coursework assessment in legal education: the UK experience.
  • Bozorgmehr, B. (2006). Liability of producers. The Judiciary law journal, 70 (54), 37-58. (In Persian).
  • Caggiano, I. A. (2016). Disgorgement, Compensation and Restitution: A Comparative Approach. Global Jurist, 16(2), 243-266.‏ https://doi.org/10.1515/gj-2016-0008
  • Calabresi, G. (2008). The cost of accidents: a legal and economic analysis. Yale University Press.
  • Chegeni, M., Bahrampoori, R., Siahbidi Kermanshahi, S. (2020). A Comparative Study of Alternative Systems of Compensation for Physical Damages in Iranian and English Laws. Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law, 7(1), 59-92. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22091/CSIW.2020.2307.1238
  • Choobdaran, L. (2015). The condition of direct loss of civil liability. Thesis For Degree of master of Science in private law University of Kashan Faculty of Humanities, Department of law. (In Persian).
  • Cooter, R., Ulen, T., Ulen, T. S. (1988). Law and economics.‏ Boston: Addison Wesly.
  • Cunnington, R. (2008). The Assessment of Gain‐Based Damages for Breach of Contract. The Modern Law Review, 71(4), 559-586.
  • De Mot, J. (2005). Pure Economic Loss, Encyclopedia of law and economics. 2th edition, Volume 1, Tort Law and Economics, University of Ghent.
  • Ebrahimi, A. (2019). The loss of chance and the loss of prospective benefit; the method of determination of amount of damages and possibility of claim (comparative study between Afghanistan & Iran civil law). Legal Encyclopedias, 2(3), 11-26. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/LAW.2019.239555
  • Edelman, J. (2002). Gain-based damages: Contract, tort, equity and intellectual property. Oxford–Portland Oregon, Hart Publishing. p. 279.
  • Eskandari, H. (2015). Causation principles in civil liability. Private law thesis. Tehran University. (In Persian).
  • Esmaeili, M., Nasiri, M. (2022). The effect of malice of the cause of loss on the conditions of predictability and directness of loss. The Quarterly Journal of Judicial Law Views, 27(99), 101-126. (In Persian).
  • Fahime, A. (2001). Philosophy of law. Journal of Philosophical Theological Research, 3, 9-10: 163-183. (In Persian).
  • Fahimi, A. (2005). Foreseeability loss in civil liability. Legal Perspectives, (34-35), 28-28. (In Persian).
  • Fleming, J. G. (1966). More Thoughts on Loss Distribution. Osgoode Hall LJ, 4, 161.
  • Fleming, J. G. (1967). An introduction to the law of torts. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Fletcher, G. P. (1972). Fairness and utility in tort theory. Harvard law review, 537-573.
  • Fletcher, G. P. (2000). Rethinking criminal law. Oxford University Press.
  • Garner, B. A. (2004). Black's law dictionary
  • Ghamami, M. (2022). Ability to predict loss in civil liability, Tehran: Sahami Atahi Company, 1382. (In Persian).
  • Ghasemzadeh, S. M. (2008). The foundations of civil liability. Mizan press, Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Ghayyoumi, R. (2015). Prevention of Damages in Civil Responsibility. Thesis of Degree Master in Private Law, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University. (In Persian).
  • Ghodsi, S. I., Nowroozi, S. (2017). The Proportion of Liability of Drivers to the Degree of the Their Faults. (In Persian).
  • Gholamalizadeh, M. (2013), Civil Liability for Motor Vehicles, publishing department of Shahre Danesh Legal Research Institute. (In Persian).
  • Goodhart, A. L. (1967). The Law at Harvard.
  • Haji Azizi, B., Gholami, N. (2013). Position of Presumption of Causation in Civil Liability. Tarbiat Modares University PressComparative law Research Quarterly, 17(2): 25-46. (In Persian).
  • Harlow, C. (2005). Understanding tort law. Sweet & Maxwell.
  • Hayati, A. A. (2015). Concept of the Precautionary Principle and its position. Islamic Law Research Journal, 15(40), 185-206. (In Persian).
  • Heidari Shahbaz, S., Mohebi, M., Seifi Zeinab, G. (2022). Legal Regime for Compensating Damages Incurred by‎ Non-Ordinary Cars in Law on Compulsory Insurance‎ Based on Social Cooperative System Theory. Law Quarterly, 52(2), 325-344. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/JLQ.2022.336282.1007625
  • Hellner, J. (2000). Causality and causation in law. Scandinavian studies in law, 40, 111-134.
  • Hikmatniya, M. (2007). The Civil Responsibility in the Imamaiyah Jurisprudence the Essentials and Structure. Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy, 384. (In Persian).
  • Hoseini, S. S. (2015). The role of ethics in civil liability. Majd presss, Tehran.
  • Hosseinzadeh, J., Duzduzani, K. H. (2013). Basics, obligations of bodily injury indemnity fund. Thoughts of public law, 1 (1(: 61-91. (In Persian).
  • Iranpour, F. (2019). Fundemental & application of economice analyse in private law. Donya-e-eqtesad press, Tehran. (In Persian)
  • Israel, R. , O’Neill, B. P. (2014). Disgorgement as a viable theory of restitution damages. Wolff & Samson PC.‏ New Jercy.
  • Jafari Langroudi, M. (1999). Mabsoot: dictionary terms of law. Ganj Danesh press, 908. (In Persian).
  • Jafari tabar, H. (2009). Philosophical foundations of legal interpretation. Publishing company presss, Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Javid, A., Arami, M. (2022). How Establishing Causation and loss distribution about building construction, 2nd National Conference on Law, Jurisprudence and Culture, Shiraz: 1-8. (In Persian).
  • Jordan, P. (2015). Les Principes de la responsabilité civile Patrice Jourdain traduit par Majid Adeeb Éditeurs Mizan.
  • JunadiJonidi, L. (1999). The fault of the victim. Law and political science, university of Tehran, 46(843): 51-90.
  • Karimi, A., Javaherkalam, M. (2022). Facilitate causation in medical accidents; the constructive role of Iranian and French judicial proceedings. The Judiciarys Law Journal, 86(119), 121-141. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22106/JLJ.2022.544020.4552
  • Katouzian, N. (2000). Comments on the subject of comparative civil liability, Tehran, Mizan press. (In Persian).
  • Katouzian, N. (2007). Civil law, non-contractual obligations (tortious liability), first volume, civil liability, Tehran University Publishing and Printing Institute, second edition. (In Persian).
  • Katouzian, N. (2007). Extra-contractual obligations civil liability, vol 8: general principles. Tehran university press, Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Katouzian, N. (2021). Civil, civil law, law, general theory of obligations, Mizan. (In Persian).
  • Kazemi, M. (2012). The effect of the injured personâ s act in civil responsibility. The Quarterly Journal of Judicial Law Views, 17(57), 79-104. (In Persian).
  • Kazemi, M. (2014). The criterion of apportionment the loss between the tortfeasors: A comparative study in common law and Roman-Germanic law. Law Quarterly, 44(1), 69-85. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/JLQ.2014.50820
  • Khaja Piri, A. (2009). Causes of civil liability and its effects. 1 c. Tehran, Iran: Al-Hadi.
  • Khani M, Ed. (2008). Governmental civil liability. 1st ed. Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Khodabakhshi, A. (2009). Insurance and civil liability law, volume 1 (fundamentals and essential concepts of insurance and civil liability), Javdaneh Jangal. (In Persian).
  • Khodabakhshi, A. (2012). Loss distribution in the law of civil liability assuming several causes. Private law studies quarterly, university of Tehran, 42 (1), 109-126. (In Persian).
  • Khosravi Salim, M. (2020). The role of mens rea in causation. Criminal law and Criminology Studies, 50(1), 67-87. (In Persian).
  • Landes, W. M., Posner, R. (1981). An economic theory of intentional torts. International Review of Law and Economics, 1(2), 127-154.
  • Lando, O. (2000). Comparative law and lawmaking. Tul. L. Rev., 75, 1015.
  • Le Tourneau, P. (2005). La responsabilité civile: professionnelle.
  • Malakooti, R. (2022). A Study of the elements of Actualization of Civil Liability in Cyberspace.‏ Legal studies of cyber space, 1(3), 69-79. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.30495/CYBERLAW.2022.697022
  • Malone, W. S. (1956). Ruminations on cause-in-fact. Stanford Law Review, 60-99.
  • Markesinis, B. S., Deakin, S. Johnston, A. (2008). Tort Law. Oxford.
  • Mashayekh; M., Khoeni; G. H., Mojtahed Soleymani, A. (2019). Explaining the Concept and Principles of Confirming the Rule Dealing with the Damage. Civil law knowledge, 7(2), 55-70. (In Persian).
  • Matthiesen, W., Lehrer, S. C. (2018). Contributory negligence/comparative fault laws in all 5o states.
  • McInnes, M. (1996). Causation in tort law: Back to basics at the Supreme Court of Canada. Alta. L. Rev., 35, 1013.
  • Molodi, M., Haji Azizi, B., Gholami, N. (2018). Economic Basis of Loss Distribution in Tort Law. Journal of Legal Studies, 10(3), 227-258. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22099/JLS.2018.26426.2533
  • Mulaee, A., Lotfi, H. (2019). Critical analysis on how to prove the elements of the civil liability of the administration in the framework of the article 10 of the Administrative Justice Court Act. Journal of Legal Studies, 10(4), 189-218. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22099/JLS.2019.28799.2862
  • Naderi, B. (2010). The precautionary principle in tort law in Iran law and comparative study with common law. Islamic azad university centeral Tehran branch, Faculty of law department of, private law group, Law M. A thesis Private law. (In Persian).
  • Naeemi, S. M., Rasekh, M. (2013). Concept of “economic man” in economic approach to law: an explanation and a critique. Journal encyclopedia of Economic law, 19(2), 134-170. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/le.v19i2.27379
  • Najib Hasani, M. (2009). Causation relationship in criminal law. Translator: Abasniai zare, A. Publications of Razavi University of Islamic Sciences. (In Persian).
  • Nasrarkan, H., Mohammadrezapour, O. B., Molaei, Y. (2019). Investigating the place of distributive justice in civil responsibility. International legal Research, 12(45), 311-337. (In Persian)
  • Nasrarkan, H., Mohammadrezapour, O. B., Molaei, Y. (2021). Investigation of Damages Caused by Physical Injury in Iranian Civil Law.‏ Medical Law Journal, 15 (56), 193-205. (In Persian).
  • Nazari, I. (2002). Civil liability for damages caused by accidents. Family Law and Jurisprudence, 26-27, 111-130. (In Persian).
  • Nematollahi, E., Seyed Ali Routeh, M. S. (2020). A Study of Disgorgement of Profit in Civil Liability in Common Law and Iranian Law. Private Law, 17(1), 31-55. https://doi.org/10.22059/JOLT.2020.299525.1006832
  • Nikfarjam, Z. (2010). Acquaintance with responsibility juristic fundamental in driving accident, Rahvar Quarterly, 7(9). (In Persian).
  • Orak Bakhtiari, H. A. (2012). Basics and principles of civil liability for car accidents. Tehran: College. (In Persian).
  • Posner, R. A. (1970). The costs of accidents: a legal and economic analysis.
  • Qabuli Dorafshan, S. M. M., Rezadoost, V. (2012). The Role of External causes in Civil Liability of Motorized Vehicle accidentsaccording to the Latest Legal Developments (A Comparative Study in Iran and Franc law). Comparative Law Review, 3(1), 93-110. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/JCL.2012.32107
  • Qorbanpour, A. M. (2006). Fault and causal relationship in the civil liability system. The judiciary law journal, 70 (54): 11-36. (In Persian).
  • Rahimi, H., Hajiyan, M. G. (2014). Economic Analysis of Elements of Civil Liability for Driving Accidents. Private Law Research, 2(7), 89-118. (In Persian).
  • Rahpeik, H. (2021). Civil liability & Remedies law. Khorsandy Publication, Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Rahpeik, S., Vellaei, N. (2021). A Reflection on the Theory of Adequate Cause with Emphasis on Iranian and Common Law. Civil jurisprudence doctrines, Razavi university of Islamic sciences, 12 (21), 139-166. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.30513/CJD.2020.632
  • Robertson, D. W. (2011). The Oil Pollution Act's Provisions on Damages for Economic Loss. Miss. CL Rev., 30, 157.
  • Sadeghzadeh, F. (2012). Relation of Causality in the Objective liability, Payame Noor University Tehran branch Sciences Faculty of Theology and Islamic Thesis Submitted for the Award of Master of Science (M. Sc) Degree, Department of Humanities. (In Persian).
  • Safai, S. , Rahimi, H. E. (2019). Comparative civil responsibility (edition 2). Shahr Danesh Legal Studies and Research Institute. (In Persian).
  • Safai, S. H, Rahimi, H. E. (2010). Civil Liability (Extra-Contractual Obligations). Samt press, Tehran. (In Persian).
  • Safaii, S. H., Ourak Bakhtiari, H. (2014). A new approach to the founations of the vehicle keeper’s civil liability. Private law studies quarterly, university of Tehran, 44(1), 31-50.‏ (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/JLQ.2014.50818
  • Salehi M, (2010). The Law of victims in traffic accidents and the insurance system. Insurance industry magazine, 24, 10-19. (In Persian).
  • Salehi, M., Delshad Ma’aref, I., Sadeghi, M. (2015). Deputy in Charge Loss from the Perspective of Civil Responsibility. Journal of Jurisprudential and Philosophical Studies, 6(23), 123-148. (In Persian).
  • Salmanian, M. H. (2014). The responsibility of parents due to the actions of their minor children in French law Hamedan province lawers legal magazine.
  • Sawadkohi, F. R. (2010). Harmful act and harmful act in civil liability, Monthly proceedings (In Persian)
  • Shavell, S. (1946). Foundations of economic analysis of law. Translated by Esmaili, M. Islamic Parliament research center of the Islamic republic of IRAN, Tehran. (In Persian)
  • Shavell, S. (1987). Economic analysis of accident law. Harvard University Press.‏
  • Soltani, A. (2019). The deterrent role of civil responsibility, thesis for obtaining a master's degree in the field of private law, Faculty of Humanities, Bo Ali Sina University.
  • Spier, J., Haazen, O. (2000). Comparative conclusions on causation. Unification of Tort Law: Causation, 127, 143-144.
  • Stephenson, G. (2000). Sourcebook on Tort Law 2/e. Cavendish Publishing.
  • Summers, R. S. (2018). The jurisprudence of law's form and substance. Routledge.
  • Taghizadeh, E. (2012). Comparative and analytical review of basis for carrier responsibility of internal law with carrier responsibility of railway transport based on the international carriage by rail (cotif) convention. (In Persian).
  • Tahmasbi, J. (2009). Discourse of liability range in amending law of compulsory insurance act of 2007. The Judiciarys Law Journal, 73(68), 31-63. (In Persian). https://doi.org/22106/JLJ.2009.11217
  • Terré, F., Simler, P., Lequette, Y. (2013). Droit civil. Les obligations. Dalloz.
  • Treitel, G. H. (2003). The law of contract. Sweet & Maxwell
  • Van Dam, C. (2013). European tort law. Oxford University Press.
  • Weinrib, E. J. (1995). Publicness and private law. In proceedings of the eighth international Kant congress, 1 (1), 191-201.
  • Winfield, P. H. (1950). A Text-book of the Law of Tort.
  • Wright, R. W. (1987). Causation, responsibility, risk, probability, naked statistics, and proof: Pruning the bramble bush by clarifying the concepts. Iowa L. Rev., 73, 1001.
  • Yazdanian A, Ed. (2007). Civil liability. 1st ed. Tehran: Mizan Publishing. (In Persian).
  • Zamani, M., Taheri, S., Pirouzi, P., & Mazloom Rahni, A. (2022). The Position of the Consequential Loss in the Iranian and English Legal Systems. Civil Jurisprudence Doctrines, 14(25), 103-126.‏ (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.30513/CJD.2021.62.1012
  • Zamani, M., Taheri, S., Piruzi, P. & Mazloom Rahni, A. (2020). Critical attitude in the sense of indirect loss. Law Quarterly, 50(3), 533-551. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/JLQ.2020.290891.1007290
  • Zebarjad; S. F., Khorsandian, M. A. (2022). A New Attitude to Economic Analysis of Law in light of Jurisprudence Rule of System Disorder Negation. Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence, 14(28), 157-194. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22075/feqh.2022.24196.2986