Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 PhD in Oil and Gas Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 MA in Oil and Gas Law, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
LNG sell and purchase contacts were common contracts in gas industry and revision and price determination are important issues because of being long term. This article investigate the relationship among system evolution of the price determination with revision condition, effect investigation of global changes such as market liberalization, contagious disease and war on this market.
The writer has used the latest articles and books to investigate on the subject and in this way by analytic-descriptive method these conclusion has been achieved:
these contracts were traditionally long term and price determination was fixed based, on oil and gas to gas competition, and mixture of gas and oil competition method of gas with gas reflects the market realities. It has been cleared by changing price determination method from oil to gas and wave of revision, this issue has influenced on price revision and recent changes have evolved the market as increase and decrease in demand and influence on prices, the amount of production and investment.
Keywords
- "LNG sale and purchase contracts"
- "market liberalization"
- "price determination"
- "price revision clause"
Main Subjects
©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
[2]-Agnieszka .A, Michal. M, (2020)Force Majeure Notices from Chinese LNG Buyers: Prelude to Renegotiation? Available at:https://a9w7k6q9.stackpathcdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Force-majeur-notices-from-Chinese-LNG-buyers-prelude-to-a-renegotiation.pdf
[3]Agnieszka .A, Visiting Research Fellow, OIES,(2020)Scenarios for Asian long-term LNG contracts before and after COVID-19, Available at:https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Scenarios%20for%20Asian%20long-term%20LNG%20contracts%20before%20and%20after%20COVID-19.pdf
[4]Akhavan, M(1389)Examining Methods Of Pricing In LNG In The World, Quarterly Journal Of Economic Researches and Policies (In Persian).
[5]Anwar Ahmed. E LNG PRICING POLICIES,STRUCTURE,FORMULAS AND APPLICABILITY, Available
at:http://www.ivt.ntnu.no/ept/fag/tep4215/innhold/LNG%20Conferences/2001/Data/PAPERSVO/SESSION1/Ps1-sp-e.pdf
[6]Bailey .j , Lidgat ,R( 2020) Coronavirus and Force Majeure Declaration ,KSLAW, Fifth edition. Available at: https://www.kslaw.com/attachments/000/007/640/original/ca022020b.pdf?1583270231
[7]Beisteiner L,Thompson D,(2022) THE ROLE OF LNG IN EUROPE QUEST FOR ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION:Challenges, and Corners- and the Contractual LNG Supplies .Available at:https://www.zeilerfloydzad.com/news/the-role-of-lng-in-europes-quest-for-energy-diversification-challenges-chances-and-concerns-and-the-contractual-fundamentals-of-contracting-lng-supplies-zfz-energy-insights/
[8] Chen. R ,Qi .P, Hang.X( 2021) Evolution Laws and new trends of global LNG pricing and their implications ,8 (5) .Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352854021000747
[9] Choi. G, Heo. E, THE STRUCTURE OF THE LNG IMPORT PRICE IN THE NORTHEAST ASIA: CONSIDERING THE PRICE PREMUIM, Seoul National University . Available at:https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/proceedingsabstractpdf.aspx?id=13333
[10]Dayong Zhang, Min Shi and Xunpeng Shi (2018 ) Oil indexation, market fundamentals, and natural gas prices: An investigation if the Asian premium in natural gas trade”,Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140988317303808
[11]Dehghan,Z. Amini, M(1401),Force majeure Claim Based on covid-19 in LNG Sales Contracts, Journal of research Energy. (In Persian).
[12]Department of Energy of the United States Government،Understanding Natural Gas and LNG Options ،Global Edition Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352854021000747
[13]Energy Charter Secretariat ( 2009 ) Fostering LNG Trade: Development in LNG Trade and pricing https://www.energycharter.org
[14]Fayzi checab,GH. Mousavi,M(1400),The Risk Transfer Point Of Contractual responsibility In Gas Sale And Transportation In The View Of CISG ,Scientific Quarterly Journal Of Legal Juridical (In Persian).
[15]Gas Naturals v Atlantic, Partial Final Award, (2016 )Available at: https://jusmundi.com
[16] GIIGNL Annual Reports (2008-2014) ResearchGate .Available at:https://www.researchgate.net>figure
[17] Holland .B, Wilson .J,( 2013)Tailorig the Arbital Process to Suit Natural Gas Price Reviews: The Case for
Tow-Stage Final Offer Arbitration ”Covington& Burling LLP, , Available at:https://www.cov.com/-/media/files/corporate/publications/2013/06/tailoring_the_arbitral_process_to_suit_natural_gas_price_review_the-case_for_two_stage_final_arbitration.pdf
[18] ICC force majeure clause and hardship clauses (2020) Available at:https://icc.tobb.org.tr/docs/2022/icc-forcemajeure-hardship-clauses-march2020.pdf
[19] KNOWLEDGE RIDGE (2021) AN Introduction To LNG Fuel Pricing. Available
at:https://www.knowledgeridge.com
[22]McKinsey & Company (2023) A balancing act: Securing European gas and power market .Available at:https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-gas/our-insights/a-balancing-act-securing-european-gas-and-power-markets
[23]McNAIR CHAMBERS(2013)“LNG Price Review Disputes”, McNair International .Available at:https://www.mcnairinternational.com/client/publications/2013/LNG_PRICE_REVIEW_DISPUTES_.pdf
[24] Rashad . M, (2022) Explainer: Should Europe more long term LNG contract? {updated 2years ago}.Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/should-europe-use-more-long-term-lng-contracts-2022-02-07/
[25] Revival of Iran’s LNG strategic project by domestic experts (In Persian). Available at: https://www.shana.ir/news/645263/%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C
[25]Rowley QC. J( 2019)Global Arbitration Review The Guide to Energy Arbitrations. Available at:https://www.debevoise.com/~/media/files/insights/publications/2019/01/pdf_1.pdf
[26]Shiravi,A (1400),Oil and Gas Law, Tehran: Mizan (In Persian).
[27]Shojaei,A.Semaei Sarraf,H.Zeinoddin,M(1399),Evolution of Price Review Clause In Asian LNG Sale And Purchase Agreement, magiran(In Persian).
[28]Terceno .J , Mantilla .Y, O. Neil .S,( 2023)LNG disputes gather on the horizon amid market volatility Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer,. Available at:https://www.freshfields.com/en-gb/our-thinking/campaigns/international-arbitration-in-2023/lng-disputes-gather-on-the-horizon-amid-market-volatility
Send comment about this article