نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی
نویسنده
پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه
چکیده
داوران بینالمللی برای تشخیص قانون حاکم بر قراردادهای سرمایهگذاری نفتی حتی در مواردی که طرفین قانون حاکم را مشخص هم کرده باشند آراء و نظریاتی برای تبیین ماهیت آنها و دستیابی به قانون حاکم دارند که نشان از متابعت آنها از نظرات صرفاً نظری کلاسیک و یا تجدید نظر شده آکادمیک دارد. به نظر میرسد برای قراردادهای سرمایه گذاری خارجی دربخش بالادستی نفت نمی‌توان قائل به یک نظر ثابت در مورد ماهیت آنها شد. هر قرارداد در شرایط خود و در یک نظام حقوقی خاص و با توجه به نیازهای طرفین وشرایط اقتصادی حاکم ایجاد می‌شود. معمولاً در هنگام مذاکرات پیش از قرارداد، طرفین از میزان نیاز، شرایط و وضعیت اقتصادی طرف مقابل آگاه شده و با توجه به آن، فرایند انعقاد قرارداد را پی می‌گیرند. در تعیین ماهیت باید میزان نقش هریک از موارد مذکور مشخص شود، لذا در این مقاله، در مقابل دکترینهای مختلف در مورد ماهیت این قراردادها، نظریه «قراردادهای انعطاف پذیر» ارائه شده است. بنابر این دیدگاه قراردادهای نفتی در یک طیف ماهیتی و نه یک ماهیت خاص قابل انطباق بر هرگونه قرارداد، قابل تحلیل و تبیین می‌باشد. این انعطاف پذیری رها نیست و پای در چارچوب نظم انتظامی دولت میزبان دارد. این نظریه میتواند با بررسی عوامل حقوقی و اقتصادی که طرفین را وادار به انعقاد قرارداد نموده است نه تنها مسئله ای حقوقی را مبتنی بر واقعیتهای خارجی بازار سرمایهگذاری کند؛ بلکه از اثرگذاری عوامل غیر اقتصادی بکاهد
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