نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه قم
2 کارشناس ارشد حقوق بین الملل، دانشگاه قم
چکیده
رمزارزها نوعی دارایی دیجیتال است که با استفاده از الگوریتم‌های رمزگذاری کنترل می‌شود و غالبا ًبه طور غیرمتمرکز کار می‌کنند. سازمان‌های پولی و مالی بین‌المللی مهمترین نهادهای بین‌المللی در حوزه نظارت و قانون‌گذاری پول و ارز تلقی می‌شوند. به منظور تعیین مواضع و ظرفیت‌ها و چالش‌های رمزارزها در حقوق بین‌الملل پولی و مالی لازم است ابتدا وضعیت رمزارزها به منزله پول تحلیل شود و سپس جایگاه رمزارزها در صندوق بین‌المللی پول به عنوان مهمترین سازمان بین‌المللی پولی و در برخی سازمان بین‌المللی مالی بررسی شود. لذا سؤال اصلی این است که نظام حقوق بین‌المللی پولی و نظام حقوق مالی بین‌المللی چه نگرشی به رمزارزها دارند؟ این مقاله این فرضیه را مد نظر داشته است که سازمان‌های بین‌المللی پولی و مالی مقررات و توصیه‌هایی ناکافی راجع به رمزارزها به دولت‌های عضو داشته‌اند. پژوهش انجام شده با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی نشان می‌دهد که سازمان های پولی و مالی مواضع متفاوتی در قبال رمزارزها داشته‌اند. صندوق بین‌المللی پول چیزی بیش از تشویق به استفاده از رمزارزهای دولتی نداشته است. موضع نهادهای مالی بین‌المللی نیز در این رابطه متفاوت بوده است: از رویکرد بدبینانه بانک تسویه بین‌المللی و بانک مرکزی اروپا تا رویکرد ساماندهی درگروه ویژه اقدام مالی و همچنین رویکرد انفعالی درگروه بانک جهانی وجود داشته است. به منظور استفاده از فواید رمزارزها (مانند فناوری بلاک‌چین در معاملات بین‌المللی) و پرهیز از مشکلات ناشی از آنها (مانند بی‌ثباتی ارزی و جرایم مالی) لازم است نظام حقوق بین‌الملل پولی و مالی در این رابطه اصلاح، تکمیل و تقویت گردد.
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