نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسالمی، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
10.22067/economlaw.2024.89930.1403
چکیده
افزایش ارزش دارایی‌های‌دیجیتال، مباحث جدیدی از جمله امکان توثیق این دارایی‌ها و ضرورت تنظیم احکام خاص برای آنها را مطرح نموده است. توسعه دارایی-های‌دیجیتال در اقتصاد ایران و به‌ویژه پذیرش توثیق آن توسط موسسات موازی سیستم بانکی درعمل، تعیین احکام و آثار حقوقی آن را ضروری می‌نماید. مسئله آن است که وثیقه‌سپاری دارایی‌های‌دیجیتال با چه موانع حقوقی مواجه است و شرایط شکلی و ماهوی حاکم بر حق‌وثیقه در دارایی‌های دیجیتال چیست؟ این پژوهش با رویکرد تحلیلی-تطبیقی به این نتیجه رسید که دیدگاه موافقین امکان توثیق دارایی‌های‌دیجیتال توفق دارد زیرا همسو با اعتباربخشی بیشتر به اصل مالکیت و کارایی موثرتر اصل آزادی قراردادی است که افزایش امنیت معاملات و تجاری‌سازی این نوع از دارایی را درپی‌خواهد داشت؛ علی‌رغم تفاوت قوانین ملی در خصوص شرایط شکلی و ماهوی توثیق دارایی‌های دیجیتال، دیدگاهی که ایجاد حق‌وثیقه را منوط به انعقاد قراردادکتبی و قابلیت استناد آن در برابر ثالث را منوط به ثبت می‌داند، با مبانی حقوقی انطباق بیشتری دارد. در حقوق‌ایران با توجه به اصل رضایی‌بودن عقود، ایجاد حق وثیقه در دارایی‌های دیجیتال به صرف توافق طرفین و قابلیت استناد آن در برابر ثالث با ثبت وثیقه در سامانه جامع وثایق (مندرج در ماده 9ق.ت. م. ت. ز) محقق خواهد‌شد، اگرچه این سامانه نارسایی-هایی دارد که ضروری است مرتفع گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
©2025 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
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(comparative study in the annex of the UNCITRAL legislative guide on lien rights in intellectual property and
the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States and Iranian law). Thesis for PHD degree in private law,
Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Law, supervisor: Dr. Mahmoud Sadeghi. (In Persian)
[2] Alex, weil, (1979). Terre Francois., Droit Civil. Paris: Dalloz.
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Law and Political Sciences, 62, 91-135. (In Persian)
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the evolution of the concept of ownership. Journal of Comparative Law, 1(1), 1-22. (In Persian)
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Vol.5.
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Financing. New York: Oxford University Press.
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[9] Chohan, U. W. (2017). Assessing the differences in bitcoin & other cryptocurrency legality across national
jurisdictions. Available at: SSRN3042248.
[10] Cvetkova, Irina, (2018). CRYPTOCURRENCIES LEGAL REGULATION. BRICS law journal ,5 (2).
[11] Daniel J., Gervais, (2002). The Internationalization of Intellectual Property: New CIallenges from the very
Old and the very New. FORDHAM INTELL. PROP. MEDIA & ENT. L.J.
[12] Elsan, Mustafa; Ardeshiri Lordjani, Mohammad Salim, (2019). A comparative study of the implementation
of movable collateral in the American Uniform Commercial Code and Iranian law. Legal Research, 95, 159-
181. (In Persian)
[13] Elwell, Craig Kent; M. Maureen Murphy; Michael V. Seitzinger; Edward Vincent Murphy, (2013). Bitcoin:
questions, answers, and analysis of legal issues.
[14] First shahid, (2018). Al-Dros al-Sharia fi fiqh al-Amamiyyah (first ed). Tehran: Sadeghi Publications. (In
arabic)
[15] Florent D,(2021). La Société Générale fait une proposition à MakerDAO. available
at:<https://cryptoast.fr/societe‐generale‐collaboration‐historique‐defi‐makerdao/>.
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ownership of digital data in cyber space. Two quarterly journals of jurisprudence and private law, 2(3), 35-53.
(In Persian)
[17]Ghamami, Mohammad Mahdi; Alipour, Mohammad Reza, (2022). A comparative study of dealing with
cryptocurrencies in the Iranian and American legal systems. Bi-quarterly Encyclopedia of Economic Law,
29(21), 150-176. (In Persian)
[18] Gullifer, Louise; Payne, Jennifer, (2020). Corporate Finance Law: Principles and Policy. Book
Review(.3rd ed)
[19] Hamidi Aval, Amirreza; Jafarzadeh, Mirgasim. (2021). Validation of the rights arising from the agreement
granting the license to exploit intellectual property. Comparative Law Research, 25(1), 29-56. (In Persian)
[20] Hamwijk, D. J. Y, (2014). Publicity in secured transactions law: Towards a European public notice filing
system for non-possessory security rights in movable assets?.University of Amsterdam. available at:
https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.417628.
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Publishing House. (In arabic)
(comparative study in the annex of the UNCITRAL legislative guide on lien rights in intellectual property and
the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States and Iranian law). Thesis for PHD degree in private law,
Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Law, supervisor: Dr. Mahmoud Sadeghi. (In Persian)
[2] Alex, weil, (1979). Terre Francois., Droit Civil. Paris: Dalloz.
[3] Badini, Hassan. (2003). Philosophical foundations of the economic approach to law. Journal of Faculty of
Law and Political Sciences, 62, 91-135. (In Persian)
[4] Badini, Hassan; Sheikh siyah, Javad. (2010). From property rights to property rights. A comparative study of
the evolution of the concept of ownership. Journal of Comparative Law, 1(1), 1-22. (In Persian)
[5] Bagheri, Mahmoud; Jafari Chalantari, Mahmoud, (2012). Economic analysis of intellectual property
mortgage. Journal of Legal Research, 62, 373-407. (In Persian)
[6] Beale, H (2008). The Future of Secured Credit in Europe. European Company and Financial Law Review,
Vol.5.
[7] Beale, H; Bridge, Michael; Gullifer, Louise; Lomnicka, Eva, (2012). The Law of Security and Title-Based
Financing. New York: Oxford University Press.
[8] Carbonnier, Jean, (1998). Droit Civil. Tome 3, Les biens (18ed). Presses Universitaires de France.
[9] Chohan, U. W. (2017). Assessing the differences in bitcoin & other cryptocurrency legality across national
jurisdictions. Available at: SSRN3042248.
[10] Cvetkova, Irina, (2018). CRYPTOCURRENCIES LEGAL REGULATION. BRICS law journal ,5 (2).
[11] Daniel J., Gervais, (2002). The Internationalization of Intellectual Property: New CIallenges from the very
Old and the very New. FORDHAM INTELL. PROP. MEDIA & ENT. L.J.
[12] Elsan, Mustafa; Ardeshiri Lordjani, Mohammad Salim, (2019). A comparative study of the implementation
of movable collateral in the American Uniform Commercial Code and Iranian law. Legal Research, 95, 159-
181. (In Persian)
[13] Elwell, Craig Kent; M. Maureen Murphy; Michael V. Seitzinger; Edward Vincent Murphy, (2013). Bitcoin:
questions, answers, and analysis of legal issues.
[14] First shahid, (2018). Al-Dros al-Sharia fi fiqh al-Amamiyyah (first ed). Tehran: Sadeghi Publications. (In
arabic)
[15] Florent D,(2021). La Société Générale fait une proposition à MakerDAO. available
at:<https://cryptoast.fr/societe‐generale‐collaboration‐historique‐defi‐makerdao/>.
[16] Foroughi, Alireza; Hosseinzadeh Sareshki, Asma, (2010). Jurisprudence and legal review of value and
ownership of digital data in cyber space. Two quarterly journals of jurisprudence and private law, 2(3), 35-53.
(In Persian)
[17]Ghamami, Mohammad Mahdi; Alipour, Mohammad Reza, (2022). A comparative study of dealing with
cryptocurrencies in the Iranian and American legal systems. Bi-quarterly Encyclopedia of Economic Law,
29(21), 150-176. (In Persian)
[18] Gullifer, Louise; Payne, Jennifer, (2020). Corporate Finance Law: Principles and Policy. Book
Review(.3rd ed)
[19] Hamidi Aval, Amirreza; Jafarzadeh, Mirgasim. (2021). Validation of the rights arising from the agreement
granting the license to exploit intellectual property. Comparative Law Research, 25(1), 29-56. (In Persian)
[20] Hamwijk, D. J. Y, (2014). Publicity in secured transactions law: Towards a European public notice filing
system for non-possessory security rights in movable assets?.University of Amsterdam. available at:
https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.417628.
[21] Hosseini Maraghi, Mir Abd al-Fatah,(1۹۹۷). al-Anawin al-Fiqhiyyah. second volume. Qom: Islamic
Publishing House. (In arabic)
[21] Hosseini Moghadam, Seyyed Hassan; Farzin Far, by votes. (2018). Analysis of the situation of block chains
and digital currency transactions from the perspective of Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence. Fars Law
Research Journal, 5, 27-45. (In Persian)
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edition). Tehran: Khorsandi Publications .(In Persian)
[23] Karimi, Abbas; Moin Islam, Muhammad, (200۸). Mortgage of intellectual property. Journal of Private
Law Studies, 38 (2), 315-324. (In Persian)
[24] Kenneth J, Vandevelde, (1980). The new property of the nineteenth century: the development of the
modern concept of property. Buffalo Law Review, 29.
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and Banking, 9, 1-12. (In Persian)
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Assets. Leiden Law School, Hazelhoff Research Paper, Series no. 12.
[27] Mc Cormack, Gerard, (2004). secured Credit under English and American law. Cambridge studies in
corporate law.
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42(1).
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Challenge Publications. (In Persian)
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financial rights in Iran's civil law with a view to Western law. Comparative Research Quarterly of Islamic and
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technologies: a comprehensive introduction. Princeton University Press
.
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comparative study of the Iranian and American legal systems. Private Law Research Quarterly, 7 (27), 225-288.
(In Persian)
[35] Panahi, Mehdi; Almasi, Nejad Ali; Shams, Ahmed; Mohammad Taheri, Mahmoud Reza, (2019). Legal
components and principles governing ownership in cyber space, Azad Scientific Quarterly of Legal Research, 13
(48), 23-38. (In Persian)
[36] Rabbani Mousavian, Ali, (2019). Legitimacy of cryptocurrencies from the point of view of governmental
and individual jurisprudence. jurisprudence and Islamic Law Research, 16(60), 53-75. (In Persian)
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international system. Journal of Contract Law and New Technologies, 1(1), 1-22. (In Persian)
[38] Rahimi, Hasamuddin, (2017). Legal and economic analysis of international interest on transport
equipment; based on the Cape Town Convention. Thesis for a master degree in private law, Faculty of Law and
Political Sciences, University of Tehran. Supervisor: Dr. Mahmoud Bagheri. (In Persian)
[39] Roshan, Mohammad; Mozafari, Mustafa; Mirzaei, Haniyeh, (2018). Investigating the juridical and legal
status of Bitcoin. Legal Research Quarterly, 22 (88), 49-78. (In Persian)
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https://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/bitcoin.pdf
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unanimous ruling No. 810 of the Supreme Court (03/04/1400). Journal of Criticism and Analysis of Judicial
Opinions, 2 (4), 75-105. (In Persian)
and digital currency transactions from the perspective of Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence. Fars Law
Research Journal, 5, 27-45. (In Persian)
[22] Jalali Farahani, Amir Hossein. (2010). Convention on Cyber Crimes and its Additional Protocol (2nd
edition). Tehran: Khorsandi Publications .(In Persian)
[23] Karimi, Abbas; Moin Islam, Muhammad, (200۸). Mortgage of intellectual property. Journal of Private
Law Studies, 38 (2), 315-324. (In Persian)
[24] Kenneth J, Vandevelde, (1980). The new property of the nineteenth century: the development of the
modern concept of property. Buffalo Law Review, 29.
[25] Molakrimi, Fereshte, (2012). Jurisprudential examination of bank securities. Research Institute of Money
and Banking, 9, 1-12. (In Persian)
[26] Matthias, Lehmann; Matthias, Haentjens, (2023). The Law Governing Secured Transactions in Digital
Assets. Leiden Law School, Hazelhoff Research Paper, Series no. 12.
[27] Mc Cormack, Gerard, (2004). secured Credit under English and American law. Cambridge studies in
corporate law.
[28] McFarlane B and Douglas S, (2022). Property, Analogy and Variety, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies,
42(1).
[29] Mehranfar, Mohammad. (200۸). Getting to know the concepts of stock exchange (first ed). Tehran:
Challenge Publications. (In Persian)
[30] Mousavi Hashemi, Seyed Hasan; Pashazadeh, Hassan; Saghiri, Ismail; Gharibeh, Ali, (2018). Types of
financial rights in Iran's civil law with a view to Western law. Comparative Research Quarterly of Islamic and
Western Laws, 6 (4), 111-132. (In Persian)
[31] Najafi, Sheikh Mohammad Hassan, (1۹۹3). Jawaharlal Kalam (third ed). Volume 25. Tehran: Dar al-Kitab
al-Islamiya. (In arabic)
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technologies: a comprehensive introduction. Princeton University Press
.
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comparative study of the Iranian and American legal systems. Private Law Research Quarterly, 7 (27), 225-288.
(In Persian)
[35] Panahi, Mehdi; Almasi, Nejad Ali; Shams, Ahmed; Mohammad Taheri, Mahmoud Reza, (2019). Legal
components and principles governing ownership in cyber space, Azad Scientific Quarterly of Legal Research, 13
(48), 23-38. (In Persian)
[36] Rabbani Mousavian, Ali, (2019). Legitimacy of cryptocurrencies from the point of view of governmental
and individual jurisprudence. jurisprudence and Islamic Law Research, 16(60), 53-75. (In Persian)
[37] Rahimi, Fathullah; Sharifian, Sahar, (2019). The position of digital currencies in the national and
international system. Journal of Contract Law and New Technologies, 1(1), 1-22. (In Persian)
[38] Rahimi, Hasamuddin, (2017). Legal and economic analysis of international interest on transport
equipment; based on the Cape Town Convention. Thesis for a master degree in private law, Faculty of Law and
Political Sciences, University of Tehran. Supervisor: Dr. Mahmoud Bagheri. (In Persian)
[39] Roshan, Mohammad; Mozafari, Mustafa; Mirzaei, Haniyeh, (2018). Investigating the juridical and legal
status of Bitcoin. Legal Research Quarterly, 22 (88), 49-78. (In Persian)
[40] Rubenfeld, S, (2014). Canada Enacts Bitcoin Regulations. The Wall Street Journal
[41] S Nakamoto,(2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. available in:
https://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/bitcoin.pdf
[42] Sadeghi, Mohsen, (2023). Equilibrium theory of Professor Jafari Langroudi; Economic analysis of
unanimous ruling No. 810 of the Supreme Court (03/04/1400). Journal of Criticism and Analysis of Judicial
Opinions, 2 (4), 75-105. (In Persian)
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loan/75833/1
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[47] Tabatabai Hessari, Nasrin; Ayanparast, sahar, (2023). The position of the registration institution in
ensuring the stability and legal status of movable property and transaction security with an emphasis on secured
transactions. Journal of Private Law Studies, 53 (3), 581-602. (In Persian)
[48] Terre, Francois; Simler, Philippe, (1992). Droit civil, Les biens. paris:Dalloz (4 ed).
Westbrook, Raymond; Jasnow, Richard, (2001). Security for Debt in Ancient Near Eastern Law. Boston: Brill
Academic Publishers.
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Financing. Washington: WORLD BANK Publishing (1st Ed).
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Law Studies, 27, 157-185. (In Persian)
[51] Zulfiqari, Sohail; Abu Atta, Muhammad; Masjid Sarai, Hamid, (2017). A reflection on the confirmation of
shares in joint stock companies. Iranian and International Comparative Legal Research, 11(42), 193-229. (In
Persian)
arabic)
[44] Shashank, Bhardwaj, (2022). Goldman Sachs rolls out first bitcoin‐backed loan (Forbes). available at:
https://www.forbesindia.com/article/crypto‐made‐easy/goldman‐sachs‐rolls‐out‐first‐bitcoinbacked‐
loan/75833/1
[45] Sheikh Tusi, (1۹۸۸). al-Tabyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an. Al-Alam Al-Islami Publishing House. (In arabic)
[46] Soleimanipour, Mohammad Mehdi; Soltaninejad, Hamed; Pourmathar, Mehdi, (2018). Jurisprudential
review of virtual money. Islamic Financial Research, 6(2), 167-192. (In Persian)
[47] Tabatabai Hessari, Nasrin; Ayanparast, sahar, (2023). The position of the registration institution in
ensuring the stability and legal status of movable property and transaction security with an emphasis on secured
transactions. Journal of Private Law Studies, 53 (3), 581-602. (In Persian)
[48] Terre, Francois; Simler, Philippe, (1992). Droit civil, Les biens. paris:Dalloz (4 ed).
Westbrook, Raymond; Jasnow, Richard, (2001). Security for Debt in Ancient Near Eastern Law. Boston: Brill
Academic Publishers.
[49] World Bank Group, (2019). Secured-Transactions-Collateral-Registries-and-Movable-Asset-Based
Financing. Washington: WORLD BANK Publishing (1st Ed).
[50] Zare, Azam, (2022). Analyzing the legal regime of digital currencies; Looking at Iranian law. Journal of
Law Studies, 27, 157-185. (In Persian)
[51] Zulfiqari, Sohail; Abu Atta, Muhammad; Masjid Sarai, Hamid, (2017). A reflection on the confirmation of
shares in joint stock companies. Iranian and International Comparative Legal Research, 11(42), 193-229. (In
Persian)
)
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