نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار حقوق عمومی دانشگاه شیراز
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق تجارت بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
3 گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز. شیراز
چکیده
داوری تجاری بین‌المللی به عنوان یکی از متداول ترین شیوه های جایگزین حلوفصل اختلاف، در مناصبات تجاری، سبقه طولانی دارد. چالش‌ها و خسارات مرتبط با محیط زیست همواره در دیوان‌های داوری مطرح بوده است. توسعه سریع قانون‌گذاری در حیطه حفاظت از محیط‌زیست، به‌ویژه در خصوص تغییرات آب‌وهوایی، بر ماهیت دعاوی ارائه شده توسط دولت‌ها و شرکت‌های فعال در بخش ساخت و ساز، مهندسی و انرژی که همگی از طرفین داوری تجاری هستند، تاثیر خواهد گذاشت. نوشتار حاضر با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی بررسی می‌کند که آیا داوری تجاری نهادی مناسب برای حلوفصل اختلافات زیست‌محیطی است یا خیر؟ پاسخ به این پرسش مستلزم بررسی ویژگی‌های داوری تجاری برای حلوفصل اختلافات محیط زیستی، من جمله بی‌طرفی، آرا لازم اجرا، سهولت اجرای آرا و رویه انعطاف‌پذیر که می‌تواند متناسب با اختلاف خاص سازگار شود، است. پس از بررسی و تحلیل مزایا و تناسب نهاد داوری برای اختلافات زیست محیطی، ویژگی‌هایی که از کارکرد نهاد داوری می‌کاهد، از جمله محرمانگی و خصوصی‌بودن داوری تجاری که سبب عدم دسترسی اشخاص ثالث و عموم نسبت به محتویات اختلاف است بررسی خواهد شد. شفافیت که معمولاً شامل افشای اسناد، برگزاری جلسات علنی، مشارکت اشخاص ثالث در فرایند داوری (دوست دادگاه)، و دسترسی عمومی به اطلاعات پرونده است، در داوری این نوع اختلافات محل نقد است. علاوه بر این، طبیعت اغلب محرمانه داوری تجاری و عدم وجود یک دکترین و سابقه قضایی خطر تصمیمات متناقض را به همراه دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
©2025The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
https://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/acclimatising-climate-change
[2] Bizikova, L. (2022). On Route to Climate Justice: The Greta Effect on International Commercial
Arbitration. Journal of International Arbitration, 39(Issue 1), 79–116. https://doi.org/10.54648/joia2022004
[3] Brekoulakis, S. (2017, May 8). The Protection of the Public Interest in Public Private Arbitrations. Kluwer
Arbitration Blog. https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2017/05/08/the-protection-of-the-public-interest-
in-public-private-arbitrations
[4] Button-Stephens, B. (2017, August 7). Greece to bring claim against Canadian mining investor.
Globalarbitrationreview.com. https://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/greece-bring-claim-against-canadian-
mining-investor
[5] CILC. (2019). The Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration | CILC website. Center for
International Legal Cooperation . https://www.cilc.nl/project/the-hague-rules-on-business-and-human-rights-
arbitration/
[6] Connoly K, K. M., & Connolly , K. (2018, May 1). A comparison of the enforcement regimes under the New
York and Washington Conventions — A tale of two cities | Knowledge | Global law firm | Norton Rose
Fulbright. Www.nortonrosefulbright.com.
https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/04f14b2a/a-comparison-of-the enforcement-
regimes-under-the-new-york-and-washington-conventions-mdashbra-tale-of-two-cities
[7] Ehle, B. (2012). Practical aspects of using expert evidence in international arbitration. In M. Roth & M.
Geistlinger (Eds.) , Yearbook on International Arbitration Volume II pp. 75–84. Antwerp: Intersentia N.V.
[8] Evans, J. D. (2019, October 31). Construction Arbitrations in the Nuclear Sector. Lexology.
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=51cbb957-e1ab-467c-92dc-ce121991bf9f
[9] GAR. (2017). Total and Sonatrach to drop ICC claims. Globalarbitrationreview.com.
https://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/total-and-sonatrach-drop-icc-claims
[10] Habiba, S., Kazemi Najafabadi, A. (2011). The Rule of Anticipatory Breach: Origin and Life. A Review on
the Formation of the Rule of Anticipatory Breach. Private Law Studies, 41(3), 137-154.
[11] Harrison, J. (2014). Significant International Environmental Law Cases: 2012-14. Journal of
Environmental Law, 26(3), 519–540. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/equ028
[12] Harrison, J. (2016). The Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v. Russia). The International Journal of
Marine and Coastal Law, 31(1), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341389
[13] Hay E (2018) Winds of Change? Confidentiality and in International Commercial Arbitration. In:
González-Bueno C (ed) 40 under 40: International Arbitration. Dykinson, S.L., Madrid, pp 211–230.
https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/dispute-resolution-in-the-energy-sector-initial-report
[14] ICC. (2020, June 11). ICC Dispute Resolution (2018) Statistics. ICC - International Chamber of
Commerce. https://nyiac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/icc_disputeresolution2018statistics.pdf
[15] Kessedjian, C. (2007). Transnational Public Policy. In A. Van den Berg (Ed.) , International Arbitration
2006: Back to Basics? pp. 857-870. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International
[16] Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., & Auld, G. (2009). Playing it forward: Path dependency, progressive
incrementalism, and the “Super Wicked” problem of global climate change. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 6(50), 502002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/0/502002
[17] Magraw, D., & Amerasinghe, N. (2009). Transparency and Public Participation in Investor-State
Arbitration. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, 15 337-360.
[18] Malone, B., & Cameron, P. (2015). Dispute Resolution in the Energy Sector: Initial Report. In Discovery -the University of Dundee Research Portal. Scottish Arbitration Centre.
[19] Mayer, P. (2006). Effect of International Public Policy in International Arbitration. In L. Mistelis & J. Lew
(Eds.) , Pervasive Problems in International Arbitration pp. 61-69. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law
International.
[20] NRF. (2024). Climate change and sustainability disputes: International arbitration perspectives.
Nortonrosefulbright.com. https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-
us/knowledge/publications/b4cbedfe/climate-change-and%20sustainability-disputes-international-arbitration-
perspective
[21] Odynski, K., & Héloïse Broc. (2022). Commercial Arbitration. T.M.C. Asser Press EBooks, 1(1), 351–379.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-507-2_12
[22] PCA. (2016). PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION OPTIONAL RULES FOR ARBITRATION OF
DISPUTES RELATING TO NATURAL RESOURCES AND/OR THE ENVIRONMENT. https://docs.pca-
cpa.org/2016/01/Optional-Rules-for-Arbitration-of-Disputes-Relating-to-the-Environment-and_or-Natural-
Resources.pdf
[23] PCA. (2018). COUR PERMANENTE D’ARBITRAGE Rapport annuel PERMANENT COURT OF
ARBITRATION Annual Report. https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2020/03/7d4bf644-pca-annual-report-2018.pdf
PCA. (n.d.). Environmental Dispute Resolution | PCA-CPA. Pca-Cpa.org. https://pca-
cpa.org/en/services/arbitration-services/environmental-dispute-resolution/
[24] Poorooye, A., & Feehily, R. (2017). Confidentiality and Transparency in International Commercial
Arbitration: Finding the Right Balance. HARVARD NEGOTIATION LAW REVIEW, 22(2), 275–325.
[25] Pring, G. (Rock) P., & Pring, C. (Kitty). (2016). Environmental Courts & Tribunals: A Guide for Policy
Makers. UN Environment.
[26] Racine, J.-B. (2005). Réflexions sur l’autonomie de l’arbitrage commercial international. Revue de
l’arbitrage, 2, 305-360.
[27] Sachs, K., & Schmidt-Ahrendts, N. (2011). Protocol on Expert Teaming: A New Approach to Expert
Evidence. In A. J. Van den Berg (Ed.) , Arbitration Advocacy in Changing Times pp. 135–148. Kluwer Law
International/ICCA.
[28] Sanderson, C. (2019, June 4). Multibillion Korean-Qatari ICC case settles. Globalarbitrationreview.com.
https://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/multibillion-korean-qatari-icc-case-settles
[29] SCC. (2023). SCC Arbitration Institute. Sccinstitute.com. https://sccinstitute.com/about-the-
scc/news/2019/just-published-green-technology-disputes-in-stockholm/
[30] SCHILL, S. (2020, August 20). Transnational Private-Public Arbitration as Global Regulatory
Governance. Www.mpil.de. https://www.mpil.de/en/pub/research/archive/erc-project.cfm
[31] Shiravi, A. (2023). International Commercial Arbitration (2nd ed., 15th pub.). Tehran: SAMT Publications.
[32] Shore, L., & Dimitrov, D. (2009). Chapter II: The Arbitrator and the Arbitration Procedure—The Public
Interest in Private Dispute Resolution. In C. Klausegger et al. (Eds.) , Austrian Arbitration Yearbook pp. 163-
174. Bern: Stämpfli Verlag AG.
[33] sylvie. (2019, November 26). ICC Arbitration and ADR Commission Report on Resolving Climate Change
Related Disputes through Arbitration and ADR. ICC - International Chamber of Commerce.
https://iccwbo.org/news-publications/arbitration-adr-rules-and-tools/icc-arbitration-and-adr-commission-report-
on-resolving-climate-change-related-disputes-through-arbitration-and-adr/
[34] Verbist, H. (2013). Boekbespreking over “J. Fry, S. Greenberg; F. Mazza, ‘The Secretariat’s Guide to ICC
Arbitration’, ICC Publication No. 729 E, Paris, 2012, 506 p.” ICC, 1(1), 199–200.
[35] Voser, N., & Bell, K. (2019). Expert Evidence in Construction Disputes: Arbitrator Perspective. The Guide to Construction Arbitration Law Business R Esearch, 1(1), 226–235.
[36] Yekbakhsh, H., & Khosroshahi, H. (2019). The Role of Amicus Curiae (Indirect Stakeholder) in International
Investment Arbitration. Legal Research Quarterly, 26(102), 11-34. https://doi.org/10.48308/jlr.2019.103584
[37] Yong, L. (2017, April 25). Romania faces environmental claim at ICC. Globalarbitrationreview.com.
https://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/romania-faces-environmental-claim-icc
[38] Zaker Ardakani, M., & Arashpour, A. (2022). Judicial assessment of the settlement of international
environmental disputes. Tehran University Law Review, 52(1), 421-437
[39] Zhang, S., & Li, N. (2024). Addressing Climate Change through International Investment Agreements:
Obstacles and Reform Options. Sustainability, 16(4), 1471–1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041471
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله