تحلیل حقوقی و اقتصادی تأثیر بیماری‌های پاندمیک بر اجرای تعهدات قراردادی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

سید حسین تهامی ¹

سید محمد مهدی قبولی درافشان ²

سعید محسنی ²

اعظم انصاری ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

² دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

³ استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

https://doi.org/10.22067/economlaw.2022.75835.1162

چکیده

در این مقاله تأثیر شیوع بیماری‌های پاندمیک مانند کووید- ۱۹ بر اجرای تعهدات قراردادی از حیث تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی موردبررسی قرارگرفته است. با توجه به وجود طیف گسترده‌ای از قراردادهای مختلف که ممکن است، تحت تأثیر شیوع بیماری‌های پاندمیک قرار گیرند، نمی‌توان تأثیر شیوع بیماری پاندمیک را ذیل یک عنوان و با یک ضمانت اجرای خاص بررسی نمود. لذا وضعیت قراردادهای متأثر از این بیماری، ذیل عناوین «غیرممکن شدن اجرای تعهد»، «دشواری اجرای تعهد» و «منتفی شدن هدف قرارداد» موردبررسی قرارگرفته است. با توجه به امکان تعریف یک هدف جدید برای حقوق قراردادها در دنیای معاصر، تحت عنوان «کارایی اقتصادی»، برخی اصول مرتبط با تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق، مانند «تخصیص بهینه ریسک» و «معیار کارایی» بخصوص معیارهای پارتو و کالدور-هیکس، جهت انتخاب ضمانت اجرای متناسب و کارآمد مدنظر قرارگرفته است. همچنین برای هر یک از وضعیت‌های موجود، اقدام به بررسی مجزای ضمانت اجراهای قابل‌اعمال، شامل «استمهال قانونی»، «مهلت عادله قضایی»، «تعلیق اجرا»، «تعدیل قرارداد»، «فسخ» و «انفساخ» گردیده؛ به‌نحوی‌که ضمن رعایت اصول حقوقی، از حیث اقتصادی نیز کارآمدترین ضمانت اجرا، برای هر وضعیت خاص در نظر گرفته‌شده است. امکان تقسیم خسارات وارده، تحت عنوان «تخصیص بهینه ریسک» بین طرفین، در برخی ضمانت اجراهای خاص نیز یکی از موضوعات موردبررسی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

"ضمانت اجرای کارآمد"

"کوید-۱۹"

"تعدیل قرارداد"

"انتفای هدف قرارداد"

"دشواری اجرا"

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©2022 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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