نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
در قراردادهای نفتی بعضی مواقع حوادث غیر منتظره موجب دگرگون شدن شرایط اولیه قرارداد شده و تعادل و توازن قرارداد دچار اختلال می‌گردد. در این شرایط از جمله پیش‌بینی‌های لازم، پیش‌بینی سازوکارهای قراردادی شروط مذاکره مجدد، بازبینی و تطبیق برای اعاده توازن و تعادل اقتصادی قرارداد میباشد که بر این اساس موجب تطبیق وضع مورد توافق اولیه با اوضاع و احوال جدید در قرارداد نفتی شده تا منافع طرفین به نحوی عادلانه و متعارف تداوم یابد. بی تردید یکی از مهم‌ترین تحولات در عرصه قراردادهای نفتی رویکرد مدرن به شروط قراردادی برای تداوم و استمرار قرارداد از طریق مصالحه بین منافع و انتظارات مشروع طرفین بر اساس شرایط تعدیل تعهدات قراردادی بازیگران این قراردادها در اوضاع و احوال تغییر یافته است. بدین ترتیب، سازوکار تعادل و توازن قراردادی در قراردادهای نفتی چیست؟ سوالی است که این مقاله بدنبال پاسخ آن به بررسی و تجزیه وتحلیل شروط قراردادی پرداخته و دستاورد آن «سازوکار شروط قراردادی برای توازن، رویکرد نوینی از همزیستی و ترکیب شروط مذاکره مجدد و شروط ثبات برای افزایش تطبیق پذیری قرارداد و کاهش سختی لزوم قرارداد برای ایجاد توازن منافع و افزایش کارایی و عملکرد قرارداد نفتی میباشد» است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
REFERENC
- Al Kahlifa, H.R., (2003), ‘‘Negotiating and Arbitrating Against Government Entities’’, Const. L.J. 19, No. 5.
- Al Qurashi, Z., A., (2004), ‘‘Investment Protection under International Petroleum Agreements: An Analysis of the Pertinent Arbitral Jurisprudence’’, phD thesis, university of Dundee
- Al Qurashi, Z., A., (2005), ‘‘Renegotiation of International Petroleum Agreements’’, 22 Journal of International Arbitration, No. 4.
- Alexander, F, C., (2003), ‘‘The Three Pillars of Pecurity of Investment Under PSG and Other Host Government Contracts", ch. 7, Institute for Energy Law of the Center for American and International Law's 54 Annual Institute on Oil and Gas Law (Publication 640, Release 54), Lexis Nexis Matthew Bender
- Asante, S. K. B., (1979), ‘‘Stability of Contractual Relations in the Transnational Investment Process’’, 28 ICLQ
- b- Article
- Barberis D., (1998), Negotiating Mining Agreements; past present and future Trends, The Netherland: kluwer law International
- Beredjick, N., and Walde, T., W., (1988), Petroleum Investment Policies in Developing Countries, LondonSterling House
- Berger, K., p., (2003), ‘‘Renegotiation and Adaptation of International Investments Contracts: The Role of Contract Drafters and Arbitrators’’, Vanderbilt Journal Transnational Law 36
- Bernardini, P., (1988), ‘‘the Renegotiation of the Investment Contract’’, 13 ICSID Review Foreign Investment Journal
- Bernardini, P., (2008), ‘‘Stabilisation and Adaptation in Oil and Gas Investment’’, Journal of World Energy Law & Business Vol.1, No.1
- Bigdeli, S., (2008), Renegotiation Clause (Hardship), Witness Legal Quarterly NO.8,9, (in Persian)
- Bishop, D., R., Crawford, J., Reisman, W., M., (2005), Foreign Investmet Disputes: Cases, Materials and Commentary, The Hague, Kluwer Law International
- Bowman, J., (2006), ‘‘Stabilization, Renegotiation, Arbitration, and Adaptation of International Petroleum Contracts’’, Presentation Delivered in AIPN International Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas, Dubai
- Cameron, P., D, (2006), ‘‘Stabilization in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Ttools for Oil and Gas Investors’’, AIPN Research Paper Final Report
- Cameron, P., D., (2017), ‘‘Stabilization and the Impact of Changing Patterns of Energy Investment’’, 10 Journal of World Energy Law and Business
- Carter, J., W., (1999), ‘‘The Renegotiation of Contracts’’, 13 Journal Contract Law
- Chekol, Abebe, A., (2010), ‘‘Stabilization Clauses in petroleum Development Agreements: Examining their Adequacy and Efficacy’’, Center for Energy Petroleum Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee
- Chowdhury, S., R., (1984), Permanent Sovereignty and its Impact on Stabilization Clauses, Standards of Compensation and Patterns of Development Co-Operation, in: Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources in International Law, ed. By k. Hossain, New York, st Martin's Press
- Cotula, L., (2010), ‘‘Investment Contracts and Sustainable Development: How to Make Contracts for Fairer and More Sustaiable Natural Resource Investments’’, London: International Institue for Environment and Development
- Dolzer, R., and Schreuer, Ch., (2008), Principles of International Investment Law, Oxford University Press
- El Chiati, A., Z., (1987), ‘‘Protection of Investment in the Context of Petroleum Agreements’’, Recueil Des Course, vol. 204, No. III,
- Emam, F., (1995), Foreign Investment in Iran, First Edition, Tehran, Yalda Publication, (in Persian)
- Fabri, N., (1987), ‘‘Stability of Contractual Relations in Long – term Transnational Agreements’’, Australian Mining and Petroleum Lawyers Association Yearbook
- Gotanda, J., y., (2003), ‘‘Renegotiation and Adaptation Clauses in International Investment Contracts, Revisited’’, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 36
- Horn, N., (1958), The Concepts of Adaptation and Renegotiation in The Law of Transnational Commercial Contracts, in: Horn, N., (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance, Kluwer Law, Deventer
- Horn, N., (1985), Changes in Circumstances and The Revision of Contracts in Some European Laws and International Law, Horn, N., (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance, The London, Boston: Kluwer Law, Deventer
- Hossain, K., (1979), Law and Policy in Petroleum Development: Changing Relations between Transnationals and Governments, (New York, Nichols Publishing Company
- Kolb, R., (2006), ‘‘Principles as Sources of International Law (With Special Refernce to Good Faith), NILR 53
- Kuruk, P., (1991), ‘‘Renegotiating Transnational Investment Agreements: Lessons for Developing Countries from the Ghana –Valco Experience’’, Michigan Journal of International Law 13
- Lando, O., (1980), ‘‘Renegotiation and Revision of International Contracts: An Issue in the North-South Dialogue’’ German Yearbook of International Law 23
- Maniruzzaman, A., F., (2006), International Energy Contracts and Cross-Border Pipeline Projects: Stabilization, Renegotiation and Economic Balancing in Changed Circumstances Some Recent Trends’’, OGEL, Vol.4
- Maniruzzaman, A., F., (2008), ‘‘The Pursuit of Stability in International Energy Investment Contracts: A Critical Appraisal of the Emerging Trends’’, Journal of World Energy Law & Business Law, Vol.1, No.2
- Mikdashi, Z., (1976), The International Politics of Natura Resources, Cornell University Press, NY and London
- Montembault, B., (2003), ‘‘The Stabilization of State Contracts Using the Example of Petroleum Contracts: A Return of the Gods of Olympia?’’, International Business Law Journal, No.6
- Moslehi, A., Sadeghi, M., (2005), A Look at Alternative Methods of Dispute Settlement, Nameh Mofid, No.46
- Movahed, M., (2009), Lessons from Oil Arbitration; Nationalization and Compensation, Tehran, Karnameh Publication, (in Persian)
- Ng’ambi, S., P., (2016), Resource Nationalism in International Investment Law, 1st edn., Routledge
- Nikbakht, M., Adib, A., (2018), Reform and Mediation as an Altrnative to Civil-Commercial Dispute Settlement Methods (The Possibility of Using Them in the Oil Industry), Journal of Legal Research, No.78
- Nwete, B., (2006), ‘‘To What Extent Can Renegotiation Clauses Achieve Stability and Flexibility in Petroleum Development Contracts’’, I. E. L.T. R.
- Omorogbe, Y., (1997), The Oil and Gas Industry Exploration and Production Contracts, Lagos: Malthous Press Ltd.
- Oyewunmi, T., (2011), ‘‘Stabilisation and Renegotiation Clauses in Production Sharing Contracts: Examining the Problems and Key Issues’’, OGEL Vol.9
- Peter, W., (1995), Arbitration and Renegotiation of International Investment Agreement, Second Revised and Enlarged Edition, The Hague/ Boston/ London, Kluwer law
- Salacuse, J., (2000), ‘‘Renegotiation International Project Agreements’’, Fordham International Law, Vol.24,
- Salacuse, J., (2001), ‘‘Renegotiation International Business Transactions: The Continuing Struggle of Life Against Form’’, 35 Int’l Lawyer
- Seyed Morteza Hosseini, R., Taghipur, b., Sarmadi, A., M., Amiri, F., (2019), Renegotiation in Upstream Cntracts of the Oil Industry, Journal of ethical Research, Ninth Year, No.2
- Shiravi, A., Shabani Jahromi, F., (2018), The Process of Renegotiation Investment Contracts, Journal of Comparative Law Research, Vol.21, No.3
- Sornarajah, M., (2000), The Settlement of Foreign Investment Disputes, The Hague, London: Kluwer Law International
- Stoever, W., A., (1981), Renegotiation in International Business Transactions, Lexington books
- Walde, T., W., And Kolo, A., (2000), ‘‘Renegotiation and Contract Adaptation in the International Investment Project: Applicable Legal Principels and Industry Practices’’, Journal World Investment & Trade, Vol.1, No.1
- Walde, T., W., and Ndi, G., (1996), ‘‘Stabilizing International Investment Commitments: International Law Versus Contract Interpretation’’, Tex. Int’l L. 31
- Wehberg, H., (1959), ‘‘Pacta Sunt Servanda’’, A.J.I.L., 53(4)
- Yates, D., (1990-91), ‘‘Drafting Force Majeure and Related Clauses’’, Journal of Contract Law 3
- Zaccaria, E., C., (2005), ‘‘The Effects of Changed Circumstances in International Commercial Trade’’, Journal International Trade & Business Law IX
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله