تعهد شرکت‌های تجاری فراملی به کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در چارچوب مکانیسم‌های مبتنی بر بازار با تاکید بر رویه قضایی (از رأی جونا گمبر تا آرای مشورتی)

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 1دانشجوی دوره دکتری حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مراغه، ایران.

2 دانشیار پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هست های تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول)

3 دانشیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده
تبدیل «عدم قطعیت علمی» تغییرات اقلیمی ناشی از فعالیت­های بشری به «اجماع علمی آشکار» به ­دنبال انتشار چهارمین گزارش هیئت بین ­الدولی تغییر اقلیم، باعث شد تا نظام بین ­المللی تغییرات اقلیمی سهم بیشتری از تعهدات اقلیمی را برای بخش خصوصی کنار بگذارد. تدوین اصول راهنمای تجارت و حقوق بشر و اصول پیمان جهانی سازمان ملل متحد موجب قاعده ­مندی و مسئولیت ­پذیری بیشتر بخش خصوصی در خصوص حفاظت از محیط­ زیست گردید. به­ طوری که استناد دادگاه ناحیه­ ای هلند در قضیه «میلیودیفنسی علیه شِل» به «ابزارهای حقوق نرم» در کنار توافقنامه ­های اقلیمی (حقوق سخت)، دادگاه را قادر ساخت تا حکم بر لزوم پایبندی شرکت­های فراملی به تعهدات اقلیمی بدهد. این تحقیق به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با بهره ­گیری از اسناد بین ­المللی و رویه قضایی به­ دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که شرکت­های تجاری فراملی چه مسئولیت­ و تعهداتی در زمینة کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای دارند؟ نتایج تحقیق نشان می­دهد که در پرتو تحولات حقوقی جدید از جمله فراهم شدن زمینة مشارکت بخش خصوصی در اهداف اقلیمی از طریق سازوکار بازار و اجرای پروژه ­های توسعه پایدار (ام.دی.اس) با پیش ­بینی بند (4) ماده 6 توافقنامة پاریس و پیوند دادن نظام بین ­المللی حقوق بشر با نظام بین­ المللی تغییرات اقلیمی، مسئولیت جداگانه، فردی و مستقل از دولت­ها برای شرکت‌های فراملی در حال شکل­ گیری و شناسایی است. یافته ­های تحقیق نشان می­دهد که مراجع قضایی نظیر دادگاه­های‌ هلند در پرونده میلیودیفنسی علیه شرکت شل (2021)، کمیسیون حقوق بشر فیلیپین در پرونده بزرگ­ترین تولیدکنندگان کربن (2022) و دیوان آمریکایی حقوق بشر در نظر مشورتی (2025)  مسئولیت جداگانه و فردی شرکت‌های فراملی را  مورد شناسایی قرار داده و با به­ چالش کشیدن شرکت­های فراملی در دادرسی ­های سبز، نشان دادند که زمان پاسخگویی شرکت‌ها در قبال تعهدات اقلیمی فرا رسیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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